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The proportion of studies (or analyses, where appropriate) which were assessed as having either lower, unclear or higher risk of bias for each of the research questions is presented in figure 2. Detailed results from the risk of bias assessment for individual studies are presented in the appendix.
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‡‡Overall 5 lower, 5 unclear, and 5 high risk of bias trials.
§Overall 6 lower, 4 unclear and 2 high risk of bias trials; limitations for more than one criterion; possible assessment bias as all trials are unblended.
*Overall 8 lower, 10 unclear, and 5 high risk of bias trials; limitations for more than one criterion; no blinded trials; assessor outcome not important for all cause mortality so only one level downgrade.
On the other hand, the rationale for the use of a much lower rate is unclear.
Except in dimension one see (2.27)—the issue of asymptotics or even optimal lower bounds remains unclear at the time of writing of this survey.
Parenting education has emerged as a promising resource for supporting parents, but the relative impact of parenting education among families facing higher versus lower risk remains unclear.
The church features two stories: while the upper story was certainly the church proper and the place of liturgy, the role of the lower story is unclear.
Reviews were classified as yes (representing higher quality), no (representing lower quality), or unclear for each criterion.
While the CLSI guidelines do consider interval variability to some degree, the significance of creating a consensus reference interval without a direct comparison of the upper and lower limits is unclear.
Reasons for this lower association are unclear.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com