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The converter is controlled by modulating the CSR with always one upper switch and one lower switch on.
Designs which result in lower switch currents can take advantage of the cost savings of these smaller chips.
In principle, the thinner layer should give rise to the lower switch voltage and the thicker layer to the higher switch voltage [13].
In the main inverter, if the upper switch is ON, then S1 = 1, and if the lower switch is ON, then S1 = 0.
The three-level boost converter (TLBC) has the advantages of lower inductor current ripple and lower switch withstanding voltage compared to the classical boost converter.
The switching states of the series converter are represented by the switching function S1j: (1) S1j = 1 when jth leg upper switch is turned on and jth leg lower switch is turned off, (2) S1j = − 1 when jth leg lower switch is turned on and jth leg upper switch is turned off.
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Using a data set with 16,353 samples, we compare HAPI-UR to Beagle, MaCH, IMPUTE2, and SHAPEIT and show that HAPI-UR runs 18× faster than all methods and has a lower switch-error rate than do other methods except for Beagle; with the use of consensus phasing, running HAPI-UR three times gives a slightly lower switch-error rate than Beagle does and is more than six times faster.
Also, in each case higher liquid crystalline concentration resulted in lower switching voltages.
Higher 532-nm intensities or lower switching wavelengths are required to further decrease the diffraction efficiency.
Lower switching frequency minimizes the dynamic loss, thereby increasing the power efficiency.
For the same switching frequency, the HEPWM switching results in a superior harmonics spectra and lower switching losses.
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