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They are therefore useful when high and quickly adaptable oxygen supply is required, as they avoid also the presence of mechanically moving parts and present lower shear levels than mechanically stirred tanks.
Lower shear levels permitted this storm to form, he said.
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Conversely, over-expression of VEGFR3 in HUVECs decreased the optimal response toward the lower shear stress levels seen with lymphatic ECs.
Quantitatively similar results were obtained when chondrocytes were subjected to a lower shear stress level (20 dyn/cm2) but for an extended (48 h) shear exposure time [7].
Higher levels of shear stress (>15 dyne/cm) induce endothelial quiescence and atheroprotective gene expression, whereas lower shear stress (<4 dyne/cm) stimulates an atherogenic phenotype [ 43, 44].
This means that the particles migrate from higher shear rate regions to lower shear rate regions.
This increase is much more pronounced at lower shear rate.
Intensity fluctuated considerably, however, as shear levels varied.
For all spacings, more cells attached at lower shear stress.
Over the whole shear rate range (Fig. 1), the xanthan gum systems have a higher viscosity at lower shear rates and lower viscosity at higher shear rate which is due to the exceptional shear thinning nature of xanthan gum solutions.
However, at lower shear stresses, bovine neutrophils were significantly less recruited than human neutrophils.
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