Of possible roles for aggregate traits fixed at a still lower level, including selfish genomic elements, there has been little discussion (Doolittle 1987).
At larger experimental population sizes, strong selection at the level of the individual, favoring yeast cells with effective respiration, resulted in lower levels of selfish mtDNA.
Conversely, the nodes with lower credibility behave more selfish.
Benefits and costs affect individual survival so that altruists have lower survival rates than selfish individuals within their own group, but groups with more altruists have higher average fitness and produce more emigrants.
In contrast, when the choice was only slightly selfish, suggesting comparatively lower rejection risk than a very selfish offer, and the higher expected monetary reward than a fair offer, but somehow acceptable, the proposers showed much lower rates of choosing the fair offer.
However, the right hand side is negative when q > 1 + 1/ r qq, which means under this condition, the patrigenic threshold is lower (patrigenes should be more selfish), irrespective of sex ratios.
The condition for matrigenes is no longer invariant, but there still appears to be a point at which the direction of imprinting switches: patrigenes will be less selfish than matrigenes (lower b/c threshold) when q < 1 + 1/ r qq, (7) and more selfish when the queen number is larger.
The main finding against the selfish operon model's exclusivity is the much lower number of 'hitchhiking', non-essential genes than expected (Pál and Hurst, 2004).
Lower taxes for them were a social good, rather than a selfish perk.
Each time a node has a reputation score lower than the network reputation threshold, it is marked as a selfish node and is added to a blacklist.
