Sentence examples for lower oxidation state from inspiring English sources

As cycling, the electrolyte can soak into the ZnCo2O4 particles, and the active ZnCo2O4 is converted to lower oxidation state, cobalt oxide, zinc oxide, and Li2O.

In the MEO a metal ion capable of exhibiting redox behavior is oxidized from lower oxidation state to higher oxidation state by an electrochemical cell and subsequently used as an oxidant for mineralizing the toxic organics into CO2 and water.

A metal oxide is reduced to a lower oxidation state in air with concentrated solar energy.

Oxidative coupling is favored by lower oxidation state catalysts whereas ring oxidation is favored by high oxidation state systems.

Mn with a lower oxidation state in the Mn3O4is probably oxidized to Mn4+during the long time CV cycling, resulting in improved capacitive behavior and an small increase of specific capacitance.

Complexes of metal ions in high oxidation states are sometimes more readily formed by adding the ligands to a solution of the metal ion in a lower oxidation state in the presence of an oxidizing agent.

During the electrolysis solid Nb2O5 was reduced to various niobium oxides of lower oxidation states, including some composite oxides, and then was converted completely to metallic niobium near −0.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), which was more positive than the reduction potential of Ca2+.

Previous studies have suggested that transition metals in lower oxidation states are better able to exert oxidative effects than those in the higher oxidation states, which suggests that a toxicologically significant proportion of underground PM is either in a submaximal oxidation state or is able to be reduced in vitro to a state where it can further catalyze ROS generation.

The substantially lower redox potential of thiosulfate (E 0 ' (S 2 O 3 2- / HS − ) = -400 mV), and sulfur (E 0 ' (S 0 / HS − ) = -275 mV), as compared to that of the AsV/AsIII couple (Em = +60 mV) suggests that oxidized sulfur compounds were available as electron acceptors already at much lower oxidation states of the environment, i. e. much earlier than the arsenics.

(The most important respect in which zirconium differs from titanium is that lower oxidation states are of minor importance).

Those found in nature have the +5 oxidation state, but compounds of lower oxidation states (+2 to +4) have been prepared.