MOR may alternatively be conceptualised as the increased risk, on average, that would result from moving from a lower risk municipality to a higher risk municipality if two municipalities where chosen at random from the distribution within the estimated level 2 variance.
If we compare the municipalities of placement, we observe that movers were, on average, placed in municipalities with more severe negative attitudes, lower share of refugees, lower municipal tax rates, much smaller population, lower average temperature in winter and larger latitude than the municipalities where stayers on average had been placed.
The report found one bright spot: The rate of wage theft was significantly lower in municipalities where established advocacy groups were fighting for the rights of low-wage and immigrant workers.
The income of both stayers and movers are lower in municipalities with higher unemployment, and only the income of stayers is higher if the population is larger.
Agreement between local Complete Streets policies reported in CBS HEAL and the coalition's database was moderate with 72.5% agreement (kappa = 0.21); however, agreement was lower for municipalities with smaller populations, those located in rural areas, and those with a lower median education level.
The control variable average growth rate of elderly persons was negatively related to change in supply (at the 5% level), i.e. additional bed density was lower in municipalities where elderly population grew faster.
The proportions of women participating in cervical cancer and organised breast cancer screening were somewhat lower in municipalities having a high use of private gynaecologists, but the differences were small, Table 2.
It remains to be seen, too, whether the scheme can work effectively not merely for relatively compact central Helsinki, but in the lower-density municipalities of Espoo and Vantaa as well.
Some lower-population municipalities tend not to be active in the planning process.
On January 1 , 2001 the new City of Hamilton was formed through the amalgamation of the former city and the other constituent lower-tier municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth with the upper-tier regional government.
