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The extensification effect meant that the lower livestock density in the organic scenarios resulted in lower N-surpluses, due to an exponential relationship between livestock density and N-surplus.
Generally, lower livestock stocking rates, on commercial land and in the open parts of communal land, enable wildlife populations to survive and provide the basis for investment in wildlife conservation and use through tourism.
In practice, farmers end to adopt a lower livestock density than the potential mean to avoid the risk of insufficient grass for livestock, since in the case of a bad year with low NPP, supplementary feeding is required (e.g., hay and silage) which increases the costs.
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The simulated NBP change through lowering livestock density suggests that there is a possibility of managing (increasing) the carbon sink of European grassland in the future by maintaining/lowering current stocking densities, letting higher NPP under moderate climate change increase soil carbon storage.
This can explain why people, and especially women, saw little value to the conservancy payments and valued them lower than livestock.
Although MAC prevalence was relatively high in wildlife (4.2%), it was lower in livestock (0.8% in goats and 2.5% in cattle).
These actions include helping countries set up early warning systems; improve water management in agricultural systems; adopt lower-emissions livestock practices; apply fertilizers more efficiently; and improve soil carbon sequestration.
Moreover, sick animals (reportedly) fetched considerably lower prices at livestock markets and thus represented an economic loss while the cost of keeping the animal and occasional treatments was seen as relatively low.
The ratio between the high price of feed inputs and lower price of livestock products provides insufficient incentives for the nomads to purchase synthetic chemical inputs for developing intensive production systems.
In most cases, the ratio between the high price of feed inputs and lower price of livestock product outputs provides insufficient incentives for the nomads to purchase inputs for developing intensive production systems (Rueda et al. 2003).
According to Gete and Hurni (2001) manure is now in greater demand than ever not only because of the lower number of livestock but also because its use as a source of fuel has increased due to reduction of fuel wood.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com