Suggestions(5)
Exact(8)
We found more pronounced risk at lower levels of intake among current-regular smokers compared to never smokers.
It is concluded that absorption and retention or accumulation of Al in humans occurs at lower levels of intake than had been assumed formerly.
Among the cohort of nonsmokers (n = 2,987) the RR for GDM among those with high heme iron intake (≥1.12 mg per day) versus those with lower levels of intake, was 1.48 (95% CI 0.89 2.46).
After additional adjustment for red and processed meats, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake, women reporting very high heme iron intake (≥1.52 mg per day) had a 3.31-fold increased (1.02–10.72) GDM risk compared with women reporting lower levels of intake (<0.48 mg per day), suggesting that the additional covariates may have a diluting effect on the heme iron–GDM association.
While agreement between the two methods was fairly good at lower levels of intake of vegetables among both children and mothers, the differences increased with increasing vegetable intake, suggesting over-reporting in the FFQ compared with the FD at higher levels of intake.
Based on currently available data from prospective cohort studies, ruminant derived trans fats are not associated with risk of CHD, though it is uncertain whether this a true biological difference or a function of their lower levels of intake during the periods of study.
Similar(52)
Non-attenders also reported lower levels of fruit intake and vegetable intake compared with attenders.
Some studies comparing lower levels of carbohydrate intake to higher carbohydrate intake levels revealed improvements in serum lipid/lipoprotein measures, including improved triglycerides, VLDL triglyceride, and VLDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol levels (71, 92, 100, 107, 109, 111, 112, 115).
Some published studies comparing lower levels of carbohydrate intake (ranging from 21 g daily up to 40% of daily energy intake) to higher carbohydrate intake levels indicated improved markers of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity with lower carbohydrate intakes (92, 100, 107– 107).
This suggests that the mothers of the first two infants may have under-reported their alcohol intake at the time of booking as FAS is unlikely to occur at lower levels of alcohol intake.
There was no evidence of an increased risk for lower levels of alcohol intake.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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