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Thus, it is possible to identify effects that cascade down the hierarchy and how intervening at a higher level can influence lower level outcomes.
Achieving higher level outcomes is not dependent on the achievement (in part or full) of all of the lower level outcomes.
However, achieving higher level outcomes is not necessarily dependent on the achievement (in part or full) of all of the lower level outcomes.
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Semi-automated techniques tend to generate a more robust code, for as long as the solutions prove to be correct, and they grant the user less power to interfere in the final lower level outcome.
If crime is not scale invariant, this implies that there are different processes at each level, or that there is some form of hierarchical arrangement where higher level contexts help shape the outcomes of lower level processes (e.g., street segments provide a context that moderates the address level dynamics of crime).
In previous studies, the lower level of improvement in CVD outcomes in people with diabetes may have partly followed from these disparities.
Since the objective function is often the outcome of a complex simulation or the outcome of a lower level optimization problem, it may also be noisy and not defined in some point.
Wilkinson and Pickett (8) maintain that the weaker association found at a lower level of aggregation is an expected outcome, since social forces at higher levels shape spatial income distribution and may hide the impact of inequality on health outcomes.
Lower level of hospital nurse staffing seems associated with more adverse outcomes, especially mortality.
We found an inverse correlation between Zeb1/δEF1 expression and outcome, with lower levels associating with a worse outcome.
The Learning Cell question submission assessed the higher-level learning outcome 5, and the section containing multiple-choice, true/false, or short answer questions assessed the lower-level learning outcome 1 and was used as incentive for students to read and understand the laboratory protocol before class.
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