Lower level organizations wait for guidelines from higher levels (CAB MSB EU), and a sense of frustration is expressed: "And that, I feel, has permeated the whole FD implementation.
Mr. Wang works for the China Family Planning Association, a state-financed organization that helps coordinate China's one-child policy with more than a million branches or lower-level organizations across the country.
Perceptual similarity judgments and multi-dimensional scaling revealed that participants only perceived three perceptual clusters of sounds and thus did not distinguish the four experimenter-defined categories, creating a tension between lower level perceptual organization and higher-order statistical information.
Evolutionary models are of this kind; they may be reductive to the extent that the posited original entities are simpler and on a lower level of organization and size.
It should be noted that the very strong, very fast purifying selection observed in this experiment was not only the result of selection acting across individuals but also across a lower level of organization (cellular).
The teleological emphasis in Aristotle's biology means that he is often characterized as a kind of ontological anti-reductionist (e.g., the elemental potentials of lower levels of organization are for the sake of but do not determine the uniform parts at higher levels of organization).
We examined whether the resulting pattern of learning is more consistent with statistical learning being "bottom-up," constrained by the lower levels of organization, or "top-down," such that higher-order statistical information of the stimulus stream takes priority over perceptual organization and perhaps influences perceptual organization.
Safety standards and work procedures designed at the executive level in the organization are communicated to the lower level in the organization where they are being applied.
The basic question of reduction is whether the properties, concepts, explanations, or methods from one scientific domain (typically at higher levels of organization) can be deduced from or explained by the properties, concepts, explanations, or methods from another domain of science (typically one about lower levels of organization).
John Bickle (2003) suggests that the working concept of reduction in the neurosciences consists of the discovery of systematic relationships between interventions at lower levels of organization (as they are recognized in cellular and molecular neuroscience) and higher level behavioral effects (as they are described in psychology).
