Volkswagen initially suggested that only lower level executives knew of the cheating.
Specifically, the authors reported that a senior executive creates the equivalent work of about three people, and that lower level executives and even upper level managers create the equivalent of one to two additional people.
The rules would not prohibit a lower-level executive, like a stock trader or investment banker, from continuing to receive tens of millions of dollars in pay.
Lawmakers, who have had previous hearings with Jon S. Corzine, MF Global's former chief executive, were speaking with lower-level executive closer to the transfers of customer money.
Lehman's shell game didn't come to light until June 2008, when a lower-level executive named Matthew Lee sent a letter to management raising a host of questions about the firm's practices.
The S.E.C. contended that Peter A. Schnall, who was Capital One's chief risk officer at the time, and David A. LaGassa, a lower-level executive, failed to prevent the improper statements.
Dababneh said he hopes the hearing will be an opportunity to learn about the bank's practices from a lower-level executive who might be more familiar with the the bank's day-to-day practices.
A crucial question is whether training of these higher-order functions strongly requiring integration provides an additional benefit over a training restricted to the basic cognitive functions (e.g. processing speed, attention, memory, lower-level executive functions).
The cases brought against individuals have involved lower-level executives and haven't been successful.
The bank also removed some lower-level executives, including the head of debt markets.
Finally, some lower-level executives came in, he adds, but little was accomplished.
