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In summary, there is a possibility that induction chemotherapy may improve survival in locally advanced HNSCC in combination with CRT as suggested by lower level evidence.
There is lower level evidence for the effects of hearing aids in the form of non-RCTs, as described by the scoping review by Shekhawat et al. (2013).
Several examples illustrate that large, apparently beneficial intervention effects from lower level evidence, even from randomized trials [ 54, 56, 70], may eventually be reversed to harmful effects when new high-quality evidence appears [ 50, 71].
Combining lower level evidence on emerging issues of HIV and ageing with higher level evidence on rehabilitation interventions for other health conditions experienced by older adults with HIV can provide a strong foundation for the development of evidence-informed recommendations.
Lower level evidence of an impact on mortality rate is available from a retrospective matched cohort study using a database of nursing home residents in six US states (Gasper et al. 2005).
Lower level evidence in the form of case studies describing recruitment successes and failures experienced in individual patient RTs [ 6- 10] and CRTs which recruit patients to receive an intervention [ 11- 13] exists.
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However, even at current lower levels, evidence suggests that pre- or postnatal exposure can potentially impair a child's intellectual function (Baghurst et al. 1992; Canfield et al. 2003; Gomaa et al. 2002; Lanphear et al. 2005; Schnaas et al. 2006).
Yet the Bloomberg story also whiffs on lower-level evidence thresholds.
13 There is lower-level evidence to support only gross specimen examination.
Lower-level evidence supports specimen radiography as a method to assess distance of lesion to margin and therefore direct and potentially reduce reoperation.
Lower-level evidence (from studies with nonrandomized, open-label, or retrospective designs) was recorded for the nasojugal folds (tear troughs), upper eyelids, nose, infraorbital hollows, oral commissures, marionette lines, perioral rhytides, temples, and cheeks.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com