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But most of the fall in unemployment reflects lower labor force participation rather than job growth.
Other factors, like lower hours worked per week and lower labor force participation, make living standards in France and Germany significantly below those in the United States, in spite of almost equal productivity.
While near-term effects are limited, the maximum impact we simulate (which occurs during the 2040s) could raise the overall annual unemployment rate by about 0.1 percentage points and lower labor force participation by about 0.1 percentage points for a number of years, with stronger effects in hard-hit communities or during a recession.
In addition, their work also suggested that this retreat from marriage is correlated with lower labor force participation rates for men.
As can be seen in Table 3, the IV coefficients indicate that low-skilled immigration leads to significantly higher fertility rates and lower labor force participation rates.
This suggests that immigrants tend to be drawn to cities with either lower fertility rates, lower labor force participation, or both.
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In a detailed study of the effects of imports from China that compares regions where goods from China have replaced those produced locally with regions where imports did not replace local production, Autor and two colleagues found: Rising exposure (to trade) increases unemployment, lowers labor force participation, and reduces wages in local labor markets.
First, all the suspects listed above are likely playing a role: skills mismatch, wages, the resistance people have to moving even in order to find a job, and a host of factors lowering labor force participation all explain a share of the difficulty employers are having filling jobs.
From 1990 to 2007, they found that regions that faced growing exposure to Chinese competition had higher unemployment, lower labor-force participation and lower wages than might otherwise be expected.
The lower female labor force participation coupled with the assortative matching in the marriage market reduces the outside options for elderly married women.
This has particular salience for gender roles, since immigrants increasingly come from countries that have a more traditional division of labor by gender than the United States in that they have, on average, lower female labor force participation rates and higher fertility rates than the United States (Blau et al. 2011).
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