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However, in contrast to our expectations, pollinator species richness and evenness were not influenced by functional diversity, and increasing functional diversity even resulted in lower flower visitation rates.
XRF point analysis of an orange site on the lower flower reveals Cd and Hg, consistent with a Cd-containing pigment and vermilion (Fig. 3c).
Bumblebees with transmitters had significantly lower flower visitation rates (Figure 2a; one-tailed t-test: t = 11.7, df = 213, p<0.001) and spent significantly more time foraging on individual flower heads (Figure 2b; one-tailed t-test: t = 11.2, df = 18, p<0.001) than individuals without transmitters.
Compared with mainland relatives, island plants tend to have smaller, less brightly coloured floral displays, lower flower visitation rates and a greater incidence of anemophily (wind pollination) (Carlquist 1977; Inoue et al. 1995 Barrettt 1998).
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Flowers usually 3 5 per branch, lower flowers short pedunculate, upper flowers sessile.
Vegetation assessments showed that diseased sites had reduced plant species richness, litter, shrub, tree and canopy cover, high bare ground and significantly lower flowering scores, than healthy sites.
Our results suggest that while brittlebush plants in desert fringe and desert remnant sites have lower flowering and more unpredictable flowering over the course of spring, they have more pollinators available.
Plants that flower before or after the climatically determined optimal flowering date θ t achieve lower flowering rates (Moss 1971; Chaikiattiyos et al. 1994; Morrison and Stewart 2002).
Long flowers such as lupins, foxgloves, delphiniums – when the lower flowers are fully open with some of the upper level buds yet to open.
The expression of ECS was much lower in flower buds and young leaves than in old leaves, while expression of CPS and GAS was considerably higher in these tissues as compared to old leaves.
After flowering stage, RS1 and RS2 treatments had significantly lower post-flowering accumulated dry matter (ADM), and but increased pre-flowering dry matter remobilization (DMR) in well-watered group, and both significantly increased DMR and ADM of wheat in dried group compared to the control.
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