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Natural gas is a tempting option on the face of it because of its lower carbon content compared with gasoline, says Leffin.
In the short term, an emissions charge would create a major impetus for a move from oil and coal to natural gas, with its much lower carbon content.
As societies have grown wealthier, they have been shifting from dirty solid fuels with a high carbon content to liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a lower carbon content, and ultimately to clean-burning gases.
Cooling steel with a lower carbon content (e.g., 0.25 percent) results in a microstructure containing about 50 percent pearlite and 50 percent ferrite; this is softer than pearlite, with a DPH of about 130. Steel with more than 0.77 percent carbon for instance, 1.05 percent contains in its microstructure pearlite and cementite; it is harder than pearlite and may have a DPH of 250.
But the coal actually used in China is of lower quality, with a lower carbon content.
The higher nitrogen and lower carbon content at the depth implied slower photosynthetic rates beneath 0.5 m depth.
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However, earlier one-dimensional atom probe (1DAP) results indicated the existence of carbon-rich regions having much lower carbon contents, with maxima of around 10 at%.
Marine continental margin ecosystems and associated depositional settings [33] are heterogeneous and, although there is typically a general relationship between organic carbon and water depth (deeper waters, lower carbon contents), carbon contents of underlying marine sediments vary greatly.
The highest stress was measured in the coating with the highest carbon content (239 ± 6 MPa) and decreases to 94 ± 31 MPa at lower carbon contents.
Moreover, by means of nanoindentation tests it was found that the interior areas with lower carbon contents and coarser substructures show lower local strength as compared to the marginal regions.
The Gibbs energy calculations suggest that growth of the Widmanstätten ferrite is followed by C diffusion at the lower carbon contents, while it is accompanied by C diffusion at the higher carbon levels.
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