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The analysis was performed on a sample of 245 teachers and over 2100 pupils from five European countries - Romania, Spain, Finland, Iceland and Latvia - involved in the educational process from pre-primary, primary, lower and upper secondary schools.
In 2011, revised curricula for primary and lower and upper secondary schools were introduced.
The report by Prof Smithers and Pamela Robinson of the University of Buckingham says there should be a clearer divide in England between lower and upper secondary school.
Using the official ISCED mapping for the UK, the competency levels at lower and upper secondary education in England/Northern Ireland would be much lower.
The report for the Sutton Trust looked at how other countries structured secondary education and concluded that England needed to make a distinction between lower and upper secondary school, proposing that this boundary should be at the age of 14.
Social disparity with regard to lower and upper secondary educational attainment can be explained to some extent within a structural individualistic theoretical framework (Boudon 1974; Becker 2003; Stocké 2010; Kroneberg and Kalter 2012).
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A total of 19,985 adolescents were included in this study, covering lower secondary and upper secondary students, aged 13-19 years. 13-19 years
In the Southern European countries that were hit particularly hard during the economic crisis – Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain – the unemployment rates of lower secondary and upper secondary school graduates only differ by a factor of 1.1 in favor of the higher educated.
In the pooled sample of 32 countries, one SD in numeracy skills is 53 PIAAC points, which is roughly equivalent to one out of five proficiency levels in PIAAC.18 Note that one SD in numeracy skills is about twice the learning progress made by school-attending PIAAC respondents between lower secondary and upper secondary education, which amounts to 24 points across the countries in our sample.19.19
At the first stage, schools representing three levels of education (primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary) were randomly selected in particular towns.
During a two-year period from August 1995 to June 1997, all students in lower secondary school and upper secondary school (aged 12 to 20 years) in Nord-Trøndelag Nord-Trøndelag County invited to participate iNorwayyouth part of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Young-HUNT1.
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