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However, in pilot work carried out in planning this study, we did try lower adapting contrasts as well (10% contrast) and in all cases found adaptation effects (both threshold elevation and facilitation) to be smaller with weaker (lower contrast) adapting stimuli, which led to the choice of 70% contrast adaptors in the work reported here.
At the lower adapting dose (Figure 4A), butanone, 2-hexanone and isoamyl alcohol were not cross-adapted by cyclohexanone.
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They are only slightly lower in adapting populations than in optimized populations evolved at the same mutation rate, indicating that adaptation takes place through an increase in the fraction of beneficial mutations, preferably of those with small effect in fitness.
As shown in Figure 4, proton production per ATP (H+/ATP) was lower in adapted flies as well as substrate efficiency - adapted flies consumed less glycogen substrate per ATP (Glycogen/ATP) than naïve flies.
However, the content of oleic acid in the cell membrane of the ethanol-adapted strains was similar to that of the non-adapted yeast grown in the presence of 10% ethanol, while the fraction of C16:0 fatty acids was lower in adapted yeast strains than in the non-adapted strain in the presence of 10% ethanol (Figure 2).
As a corollary, O2 consumption is also lower in adapted flies for any given ATP output.
Our analysis of the minimal oxygen required to produce the observed metabolite fluxes provides a hint that this critical PO2 may be lower in adapted flies.
Consequently, many incongruence tests (see Box 1) will often fail to reject homogeneity between genes with weak phylogenetic signal and virtually any other gene (fig. 2, lower left; adapted likelihood-based topology tests are particularly sensitive to this problem).
The index measures the codon usage bias presented by highly expressed genes and can be comparatively employed to score native genes (higher CAI, more adapted to the pattern of codon usage) and possibly foreign or transferred genes (lower CAI, less adapted to the pattern of codon usage).
Small island developing states (SIDS) are more sensitive, and have a lower capacity to adapt to climate change than mainland countries, yet, estimates of future rainfall over SIDS are subject to large relative uncertainties.
The in vivo capacity to reduce furfural was similar for both strains, whereas HMF conversion was markedly and unexpectedly lower for the adapted strain ISO12.
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