This secondary electron emission sustains the low-voltage discharge.
A low-voltage discharge is initiated near the cathode by the electrons that it generates, and the hydrogen gas molecules are ionized by collisions with the electrons.
Shock-like paraesthesia consists of sensory perceptions of short electric low-voltage discharges, usually localised in the brain.
The pulsed plasma is induced by a low-voltage spark discharge submerged in a dielectric liquid.
The simplified setup only requires a rather slow single frequency low voltage electric discharge which allows for using cheaper and longer life capacitors, substantially reduces the safety implications and also extends the life of the coil insulation.
If the operation of the plasma microreactor is essentially transient or batch, whether or not the reaction kinetics are comparable to or faster than ambipolar diffusion determines if there is a regime of operation in which a low voltage plasma discharge can generate a high yield of product.
A non-thermal plasma process, based on low current high voltage discharges, has been developed for the gas phase synthesis of carbon nanoparticles at atmospheric pressure.
As an important member of transitional metal sulfides, MnS is considered to be a good candidate for the next generation of anode material because of its high energy density (~616 mA h g−1) and low voltage potential (average discharge voltage at ~0.65 V and charge voltage at ~1.25 V) [16, 17, 20, 21].
The Faradic conversion efficiency can be as high as 94.8%, and the energy conversion efficiency can be as high as 23.9% if the environmental temperature is low enough (10 °C) under constant voltage discharge at 0.6 V with 3 M methanol for a DMFC bi-cell.
Good low-temperature performance and constant voltage discharge over time are provided as well.
Two discharge regimes can be observed: very small discharges (<1 pC) occurring at low voltage, probably initiated by defects, and more intense and homogeneous discharges spreading around the triple junction.
