The low-temperature networks (Tsupply < 60 °C) achieved even lower heat losses, but they required additional capital investment.
To fulfil its role, DH technologies must be further developed to integrate renewable resources, create low-temperature networks, and consequently to make existing or new DH networks ready for integration into future STGs.
The main dynamic hypothesis is that non-ETS DH systems will be the first ones from this sector to shift to the fourth generation system, which is characterized by its high renewable energy share, low-temperature networks, and low specific heat consumption at end users.
Although the precise hierarchical organization of the low temperature genetic networks is yet to be defined, it appears that CBF/DREB and ZAT12 pathways (and perhaps other unidentified pathways) constitute a ' super regulon' that configure the overall low temperature stress tolerance mechanisms in Arabidopsis.
Although many ROS-inducible genes have been identified in Arabidopsis [ 30], direct involvement of an ROS-mediated regulatory module in the low temperature transcriptional networks has not been studied to the same level as the CBF/DREB regulon had been scrutinized in Arabidopsis.
Furthermore, low temperature DH network greatly benefits the recovery rate of industrial waste heat.
Furthermore, transcriptome data also revealed that the low temperature genetic network involves other regulatory clusters in addition to the CBF/DREB regulon.
Recently, low temperature district heating networks (LTDH) have received attention in district heating and cooling market due to their benefits in terms of efficiency, greenhouse gas reduction, flexibility to use renewable energy sources and economic benefits.
In this paper, a hypothetical low temperature district heating network is designed to supply heating for 30 low energy detached residential houses.
M-TES (Mobile Thermal Energy Storage) technology is explored in this paper for transportation of industrial surplus heat for use in LTDH (low temperature district heating network).
