The biofilm formation in contact with the aqueous laccase/maltodextrin suspension was studied with a pH value of 4.75, under conditions close to the isoelectric point of the enzyme, where a low electrostatic repulsion between protein molecules and neighboring protein or polysaccharide molecules may be expected.
This is because LMNPs are coated with the least amount of oleic acid and thus possess the lowest level of steric repulsion between MNPs.
It was concluded that at the fully ionized state, where all nitrogen atoms are protonated (α = 1), the surfactant solution forms smaller micelles at low pH because of increasing repulsion between similar-charged head groups.
In contrast, low cytotoxicity mediated by liposomal celecoxib might be ascribed to low intracellular uptake resulting from electrostatic repulsion between cells (anionic) and liposomes (anionic), and slow release of celecoxib.
Furthermore, at low pH there is a columbic repulsion between the dye cation and positively charged catalytic surface observed and thus, the adsorption of dye on the surface of the photocatalysts decreases (Ahmed et al. 2011; Rajamanickam and Shanthi 2012; Velusamy et al. 2015).
At low pH values, there exists a strong electronegative repulsion between the positively charged dye ions and the negatively charged HF surface resulting in low dye uptake capacity.
At low pH values, there exists a strong electronegative repulsion between the positively charged dye ions and the negatively charged biosorbent surface resulting in low dye binding capacity.
At low pH, adsorbent surface is positively charged, and thus, repulsion between the positive adsorbent surface and cationic form of RhB may result in low adsorption.
Cationic surfactants, on the other hand, exhibit low adsorption on carbonate formations, due to the electrostatic repulsion between the cationic head and the positive charge bearing carbonate surface (Hirasaki et al. 2008; Ahmadall et al. 1993; Lawson 1978).
Their superior activity reflects a low OH coverage on Pt, caused by the lateral repulsion between the OH adsorbed on Pt and the OH or O adsorbed on neighboring, other than Pt, late transition metal atoms.
