The fitness of a genome is then calculated by dividing the lowest proficiency of its necessary functions by the total cost of its genes (see Text S1 for details).
Since each character performs a separate sub-task, and the overall task amounts to adequate performance of each of these sub-tasks, the functional proficiency of a message is simply the lowest proficiency of its constituent characters (Zeldovich and co-workers likewise used the weakest-link approach, as described in reference 8).
Proficiency in reading, writing, speech understanding, and comprehension was estimated on a 10-point scale from 1 (very low proficiency) to 10 (very high proficiency).
Table 5 presents the results of the null model, which shows that, for readers with low proficiency, 59.17% of the variance (59.17% = 1 / [1 + 0.69] × 100%) in the dependent variable occurred at the student level and 40.83% of the variance (40.83% = 0.69 / [1 + 0.69] × 100%) occurred at the school level.
However, in our study neither the probability of readers with low proficiency nor the probability of readers with high proficiency was predicted by home SES when the effects of affective factors and school factors were taken into account.
Story et al. also reported that the most common areas of low proficiency in pediatric obesity management for pediatricians and pediatric nurse practitioners were the use of behavioral management strategies and addressing family conflicts [ 19].
Moreover, her situation, where she was refused entry into university, because of low proficiency, is consistent with what Shohamy (2001) argued about with respect to the cut-off scores.
The size of the Slavic minority group in Estonia, the low proficiency in the Estonian language of Slavic groups and segregated school systems and labour markets all increase the likelihood of intragroup marriages.
For readers with low proficiency, all predictors explained 20.29% of the school-level variance and 8.32% of the total variance in the dependent variable.
