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Conventional methods to upgrade heavy oil due to high pressure, low production efficiency, and low product quality have not been recognized as profitable methods.
However, conventional fumaric acid fermentation is expensive because of its low product yield and productivity.
However, bulk production via mammalian cell lines is slow and there is the potential for low product titers and production of heterogeneous antibodies (Weir et al. 2002).
However, its industrial fermentation has not been realized due to the high production costs and low product concentrations.
However, the production of lipopeptide antibiotics including iturin A on an industrial scale has not been realized, due to the high production costs and low product yields [ 8].
The disadvantage of the current xylitol and ethanol combined production by C. tropicalis is its relative low product concentration compared with solo product production due to limited substrate loading.
Current production methods of cellobiose from high-purity cellulose always suffer from low product yields and high separation costs.
High process costs associated with complex feedstocks, product toxicity and low product concentrations are few of the several bioprocess challenges involved in biobutanol production.
Pressure driven filtration then delivers remarkably low product moistures.
The major drawback of this reaction is the relatively low product yield and long reaction time.
E-commerce businesses have high acquisition costs, low product margins and high churn.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com