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Since ANA and related autoantibodies are generally considered useful biomarkers for AARD (which have low prevalences) and are included in the classification criteria for SLE [13], MCTD [14], SjS [15] and SSc [16], ANA testing on HEp-2 substrates outside a proper clinical framework may yield a sizable portion of ANA-positive individuals without consistent evidence of AARD.
The estimates in sheep (psheep = 0.006) and goats (pgoats = 0.005) are slightly lower than those from the cumulative test results reflecting the fact the specificity is not 1 which at very low prevalences results in low PPV for the tests and high risk of false positive results.
Sampling increased again between September 2006 and May 2007 with the effect that the monitoring system was able to detect low prevalences between 15 October 2006 and 15 March 2007 with an UCL varying between 0.4% and 2.0% (Figure 5, B).
The second reason why we may not observe epizootic waves is that such waves are predicted to move very rapidly and, in their wake, leave few wild bees and only low prevalences of C. bombi near greenhouses (see, for example, week 18 in Figure 1).
Both parasites occurred at low prevalences in Northern Norway.
Many Asian studies reported rather low prevalences of 9.8%-38.5% for hot flushes.
Similar(11)
Even Sweden, where there has traditionally been a low prevalence of obesity, will see significant rises.
Cabo Verde has a relatively low prevalence of HIV/AIDS.
However, we noted low prevalence in these areas.
Studying low prevalence search tasks presents some challenges.
Miss errors (false negatives) were significantly higher at low prevalence.
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