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Of particular concern for the well being of the mother, and possibly the infant, was the low level of intake of vitamin C, folate and calcium.
22 As reference groups of the included studies varied (that is, from 0 to ≤1 times/week), in this analysis, we defined "≤1/week" as the reference category assuming that all reported reference exposures represent an equally low level of intake.
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Liver damage sufficient to interfere with the inactivation of estrogens can be caused by the chlorinated hydrocarbons, which set up changes in liver cells at very low levels of intake.
The lifelong exposure of most of the population to acrylamide through food and smoking has raised concerns about its potential health effects at these low levels of intake.
Given their typically low levels of intake and the opportunistic nature of their drinking, misreporting in child reports of their alcohol involvement is unlikely to reflect cognitive overload.
A protective effect of alcohol consumption on renal cell cancer at very low levels of intake has little biologic plausibility or credibility.
147 A protective effect of alcohol consumption on renal cell cancer at very low levels of intake has little biologic plausibility or face validity.
As Martinez and colleagues have elegantly summarized, data from the pooling of prospective studies of diet and cancer show that risk of colon cancer is elevated at very low levels of intake.
In humans, dietary folic acid is effectively integrated into the pool of active folate metabolites at low levels of intake (∼100 µg folic acid or 170 µg dietary folate equivalents [DFE]/day) [ 39].
For example, in contrast with other compounds that provoke changes in mitochondrial number and function (quercetin, hydroxytyrosol and resveratrol [ 36]), the effects of PQQ occur at low levels of intake (at nano- to micro-molar levels in diets in contrast with near millimolar levels) and are dynamic, i.e. appear to be modulated by not only the amount but also the duration of PQQ exposure.
To facilitate statistical analysis, each preserved food variable was categorised into three or four levels according to the distribution among the controls, with the lowest level of intake taken as the reference category.
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