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We optimized the 3T3-L1 differentiation conditions to obtain a relatively low level of differentiation in the differentiated controls (17%), which allowed for enhanced discrimination of the effects of the test chemicals on adipocyte differentiation (up to 38%and76%6% for BDE-47 and TROG, respectively).
Altogether, these results indicate that the genetic pool of NEAS is related to that of CAS and exhibits signatures of gene flow from multiple sources, while that of SEAS indicates greater isolation and population subdivision, although with a low level of differentiation among populations.
The reason behind this is the substitutability spillover relationship: the low level of differentiation on the one hand generates the high level of spillovers, on the other hand, it induces firms under Full Collusion to spend more on R&D (Result 1), accordingly the marginal cost of Full Collusion participants is sufficiently reduced, firms under Full Collusion have interest to expand their output.
Nevertheless and as expected, model 1 appeared less robust than model 2 at low level of differentiation (FST<0.05).
This is confirmed by AMOVA and STRUCTURE analysis at low level of differentiation (K = 2), highlighting the separation of the two sub-areas.
At such thresholds, the FDR were generally similar among the two different analyses except for low level of differentiation (FST≤0.05).
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furthermore, lowest and highest divergence between sites were seen in Jask and Karachi (0.028), Karachi and Bushehr (0.033), although there were not much discrepancy between them, this low level of differentiations may happen as a result of geographical distance.
However, Pikine and Kilifi populations were significantly differentiated (FST = 0.039; P<0.01) and Pikine and Bakoumba showed low levels of differentiation (FST = 0.019) which did not reach statistical significance.
Low levels of differentiation were also observed between Dai and Vietnamese (0.0045) and between Vietnamese and Cambodian (0.0062).
In contrast to the microsatellite results, pairwise comparisons of mtDNA ΦST estimates suggest low levels of differentiation between the Russian populations and those found in the east Pacific (Table 3).
Differentiation was also detected within the Americas for csp and msp1 (the only antigens for which we had multiple populations within this region), within the Asia Pacific for csp, trap, ama1 and msp1, and significant but low levels of differentiation within Africa for ama1 (Table 3).
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