A detailed discussion of low level effects is beyond the scope of this review.
Across all groups we observed the presence of a low-level effect that is noticeable in the general large bias toward the "Cartoons Farther" response compared to the "Cartoons Closer" response across all conditions and irrespective of social cues.
More subtle questions are required when the system to be modeled is analog in nature, and, in these cases, there are several very useful techniques that may prove effective in obtaining a suitable simulation, without necessarily modeling all the detailed low-level effects.
Reproductive effects of lead have long been suspected, but low-level effects have not been well studied.
Low-level effects of MeHg on neuro-logic outcomes may differ by age, sex, and timing of exposure.
When studying subtle craniofacial malformations, the researchers again found evidence for low-level effects of alcohol exposure.
An innate difficulty in studying the effect of pesticides on honeybee colonies is the level of replication needed to capture low-level effects at the field scale.
It could be speculated that these chemicals induce eye irritation by different modes of action than those that induce immediate severe effects (e.g. through delayed effects or persistence of low-level effects).
Endocrine assessment, including glucocorticoid production, has been used in the detection of early or low-level effects of environmental stressors as a means of identifying individuals at risk for later health problems.
New studies using designs that exclude or control potential confounding by pica, which can indicate an underlying developmental delay, or by environmental hygiene, indicating more widespread lead contamination, would be especially helpful in assessing these low-level effects.
The uncertainties associated with estimating low-level effects also precluded us from arriving at firm conclusions regarding one hallmark of the IA concept, namely that combination effects are not expected when all mixture components are combined at zero effect levels, here understood as background MN frequencies.
