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Thompson et al. [ 39] observed that women with a low level education were less likely than their higher educated counterparts to report tooth cleaning during pregnancy.
Moreover, we calculate the unskilled migration rate (m i,t l ), which is the ratio of the proportion of migrants (M i,t l ) from country i at time t with training level l over the total number of nationals with low level education (M i,t l + N i,t l ).
** low level education (< 6 years).
*All education levels including low level education.
While this was more or less similar, the samples showed greater differences for gender: 43% were male in our study versus 28% in the sample of 1508 patients; and for a low level education, 19%and28%8%, respectively.
In multivariate analyses, non-participation was associated with older age, immigrant status, low OECD-adjusted household income, high and low level education compared with middle level education, unemployment, being unmarried, distance to screening site >20 km, being a tenant and no access to a vehicle.
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Education was classified into four categories: level 0: illiterate; level 1: low-level education (≤6 years of schooling); level 2: intermediate-level education (7 13 years of schooling); and level 3: higher education (≥14 years of schooling).
The association between a low-level education and non-participation may to some extent be explained by a lower ability among women with a low-level education to obtain, process, and understand health information [ 34].
One study used low-level education in the form of informal sessions, once weekly for ten weeks [ 40].
However, less than half (48.8%) of the respondents had completed their academic education and were considered as highly educated (with university certificate and above) when compared with 51.2% who completed their primary and secondary education (considered as low-level education).
Certain characteristics were strongly associated with recognising less than nine risk factors for cancer; these include being a man, older, having a low-level education, or having a low household income (Table 4).
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