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The results were obtained by dividing subjects into high and low knowledge groups.
No statistically significant difference was seen between high and low knowledge groups with respect to the prevalence of dental caries (χ=2.07, p=0.16) (Table 2).
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Most were not aware whether they used fluoridated/non-fluoridated toothpaste (78%) and the lack of awareness was significantly more in the low knowledge group (Table 3).
The results indicate that in the low prior knowledge group, learners who were simultaneously given examples and problems performed more effectively and efficiently, and reported significantly lower cognitive load than those who learned from example-problem pairs.
The low knowledge in preventive measures in this group could be explained through our study sample itself.
Although generally low, knowledge scores were higher in the white ethnic group than in the minority ethnic groups and in the non-manual worker group compared to the manual worker group.
In the macro-adaptive condition, students were assigned to four groups corresponding to four knowledge levels (low knowledge, medium-low knowledge, medium-high knowledge, and high-knowledge) and appropriate instructional tasks were assigned to each group using an Items-Response Theory style analysis (Rus et al. 2014).
Children who gave at least four correct answers were categorized as belonging to the high knowledge group and those with a score of three and below were considered to be of low knowledge.
However, low knowledge of symptoms in animals among all study participants was also associated with the age group 30 59 years although this was not significant when analyzing overall knowledge.
Each item was given a score of 0 or 1. Knowledge scores were classified into three groups using Bloom's Theory, which categorizes by percentage after the score is summed: ≤60 % represented low knowledge, >60 80 % moderate knowledge, and >80 % a high level of knowledge.
High knowledge was coded '1' and low knowledge coded '0'.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com