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But clearly, this genetic model is also ideal for the weighting scheme outlined here: low frequency marker alleles that are heavily weighted will more often be associated with large substitution QTL that will generate large gain.
It is difficult to detect statistical associations between diseases and low frequency marker alleles, suggesting that the high odds ratios observed for SNPs with a minor allele frequency ≤ 0.2 were indicative of a "winner's curse".
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Our result suggested that designing a low-density chip by selecting low frequency markers with large SNP effects sizes should be helpful for commercial application in Chinese Simmental cattle.
Because the exome chip is specifically constructed to contain low-frequency markers, there is a subset of markers that have not been validated by Affymetrix in known heterozygotes.
Peaks yielded by low-frequency markers VIT 5 and VIT6, when identified, emerged just above the base line of the sequence traces.
Moreover, the number of markers comprising bins of common frequency (6,894,397 markers with MAF > 0.05) is much lower than the number of markers comprising bins of low frequency (23,178,341 markers with MAF < 0.05), which usually have low imputation quality.
Analyzing polymorphisms of the Y chromosome in these samples showed that a vast majority of markers could be identified as European in origin, with a very low frequency of markers originating in sub-Saharan Africa, and no Amerindian genetic contribution.
The MSI status was classified as high frequency if ≥ 2 of 5 markers exhibited instability, as low frequency if one marker exhibited instability, and as stable if no markers exhibited instability.
However, in the yoga group, there were significant increases in PEmax (34%, p<0.0001) and PImax (26%, p<0.0001) and a significant decrease in the low frequency component (a marker of cardiac sympathetic modulation) and low frequency/high frequency ratio (marker of sympathovagal balance) of heart rate variability (40%, p<0.001).
Large case-control and cohort studies are needed because of the low frequency of the marker diseases, bladder and rectal cancer.
A low frequency of molecular markers located on chromosome 4A of bread wheat may be related to ancient, non-homeologous translocations having occurred in this chromosome [ 32, 58, 59].> The ten cultivars from Kazakhstan were specifically chosen for this study for their productivity potential in drought-prone environment and reports of stable yields across multiple generations [ 60].
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