The studied species were recruitment-limited due to low dispersal activity or lack of suitable microsites.
(3) For low dispersal mortality both modes of emigration increase survival of a metapopulation by ca. one order of magnitude.
This species is in the course of morphological differentiation with three morphological races, probably due to low dispersal ability.
Species with a low dispersal potential and a low seed output contributed most to the colonization credit.
Nonetheless, species showing natural-history traits similar to C. thomasii (low dispersal ability, strong ecological specialization) are likely to withstand adverse habitat conditions by both the mentioned ways.
Its restricted habitat, low dispersal, and slow reproduction are factors that limit this shark's capacity for recovering from overfishing.
These various reasons urge caution in interpreting lack of genetic structure in low dispersal marine species.
Thus, we could easily suggest parasitoids were less present in urban areas due to their low dispersal abilities.
Yet, strong structure in these cases is rare [25], [27] except for estuarine species [29] or species with low dispersal potential.
This is consistent with the observation that adults are highly sedentary [30] and with the low dispersal distance in our study site [17].
Given the low dispersal ability of the species [40], [64], this setting should minimize the risk of emigration out of the study system.
