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Instead, this correlation may have important biological implications, since it supports a model for the origin of novel genes that implies low constraints in the early stages after the duplication and an increase of constraints with time.
Evolutionarily novel splice variants may constitute an important source for evolution of novel functions because they might be under relatively low constraints [ 64]; for example, species-specific splice variants are positively correlated with non-synonymous substitution rate [ 65] and minor alternative exons evolve faster than obligate exons [ 66, 67].
As mentioned above, in using this index, we are assuming that high levels of evolution through positive selection can be attributed at least partially to low constraints on adaptation (i.e., high evolvability) as opposed to only high positive selection pressure, and that the structural modularity or robustness of a protein does not significantly influence the selective forces it experiences.
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1 - very high constraint to 5 - very low constraint.
Low constraint indicates that a node has a high brokerage potential.
Suitability of the low constraint laboratory specimens for fracture toughness measurements is also confirmed.
As a result, a new engineering tool to assess low constraint geometries with respect to brittle fracture has been obtained.
The latter affects the shape recovery strain through strengthening the matrix thus reducing the martensite strain which is more predominant under low constraint stresses.
When applied to a structure with low constraint geometry, the standard fracture toughness estimates may lead to strongly over-conservative estimate of structural performance.
All the pipelines considered in this study, which had realistic crack sizes, exhibited low constraint behavior (i.e. −1.4 < Q < −0.4).
For a variety of reasons, structural members may be made of thin gage-materials with inherently low constraint to plastic deformation.
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