Situation 1: When i a > 0 and N sa > 0, the capacitor voltages of the positive and negative UFBSMs are sorted together, and then the UFBSMs with the lowest capacitor voltages whose sorted serial numbers are 1, 2, …, N sa are positively inserted for charging, and the other UFBSMs whose sorted serial numbers are N sa + 1, N sa + 2,…, N s are bypassed.
Situation 3: When i a < 0 and N sa < 0, the capacitor voltages of the positive and negative UFBSMs are sorted together, and the UFBSMs with the lowest capacitor voltages whose sorted serial numbers are 1, 2, 3,…, N sa are negatively inserted for charging, and the other UFBSMs whose sorted serial numbers are N sa + 1, N sa + 2,…, N s are bypassed.
The negative UFBSMs with the lowest capacitor voltages whose sorted serial numbers are 1, 2, …, N s − N sa are bypassed, and the other negative UFBSMs whose sorted serial numbers are N s − N sa + 1, N s − N sa + 2, …, N s are positively inserted for discharging.
The positive UFBSMs with the lowest capacitor voltages whose sorted serial numbers are 1, 2,…, N s − N sa are bypassed, and the other positive UFBSMs whose sorted serial numbers are N s − N sa + 1, N s − N sa + 2, …, N s are negatively inserted for discharging.
In this architecture, suitable for low sampling rate and low-resolution applications, the reference voltage is scaled down by successively connecting equally sized capacitors in parallel, allowing the use of small capacitor for its implementation.
Embedded capacitor films (ECFs) were newly designed for high dielectric constant and low capacitance tolerance (less than ±5%) embedded capacitor fabrication for organic substrates.
The important requirements for embedded capacitor materials are high dielectric constant, low capacitance tolerance, and low cost.
Conducting polymers are promising electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors, but are suffered from poor cycling stability and relatively low capacitance.
Special attention is devoted to the capacitive divider's constructional limits in regard to the expected measurement uncertainty, the choice of an appropriate low-voltage capacitor material and its influence on the capacitive divider's response.
Unfortunately, the development of high energy density LICs is hindered by the low capacity of capacitor-type cathode.
