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The comparisons are not only in the low bulk temperature region, but also in the high bulk temperature region.
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Detailed composition analysis of the bio-oil revealed that, unlike conventional torrefaction, significant degradation of lignin also occurred along with hemicellulose degradation at low bulk temperatures during microwave torrefaction.
Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (UAM) enables the integration of a wide variety of components into solid metal matrices due to the process induced high degree of metal matrix plastic flow at low bulk temperatures.
The igniting particles are able to form high-temperature micro-diffusion flames which attain high combustion rates even at the relatively low bulk gas temperatures typical for methane flames.
We also measured FFDPs and OCS: (1) in-air isothermal conditions (thus obtaining the LRA nominal performance); (2) in space conditions at a low, stationary value of the LRA bulk temperature; (3) in space conditions at a high, stationary value of the LRA bulk temperature (Figs. S1 S18, available in the online supplementary material for this paper).
Cu nanocrystal is a promising candidate in practical applications due to its excellent nonlinear optical properties, low bulk resistivity, good thermal stability, low-temperature coefficient of resistivity, etc. [8 11] The size and morphology of Cu nanocrystals can be controlled by lattice plane [12, 13].
Fumed (or pyrogenic) silica is prepared by the oxidation of silicon tetrachloride at elevated temperature, leading to a very low bulk density and high specific surface area nanopowder (200 m/g for AEROSIL® 200 NPs).
Al2O3 has many favorable properties like kinetic stability and thermodynamic stability on Si up to high temperatures, good interface with Si, and low bulk defect density.
θb: Dimensionless bulk temperature.
Thus, the bulk temperature was kept constant.
Dark regions generally signify low bulk densities.
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