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Married couples who said they argued constantly and had low affection for one another (which study authors defined as "high-conflict marriages") were actually less happy than people who weren't married at all, the Harvard study found.
'Affectionless control' (low affection and high control) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for psychopathology in later life, including antisocial personality traits, depression, and anxiety disorders.
This result is similar to the previous finding that children from low affection, negative communication and high control families report more depressive symptoms [ 21, 23, 24].
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Our findings are in line with the CIC study, [ 23] who found an association between aversive parental behavior and low parental affection, and BPD.
Depression, which is characterized by low positive affection and loss of self-esteem, potentially decreases the motivation for activity and thus affects productivity and disability [ 37].
In another paper on the CIC study, low parental affection and aversive parenting were both associated with an elevated risk for BPD in the offspring [ 23].
In addition, overall we expect that patterns of mother-son relationship characteristics in Moroccan families are more often characterized by low levels of affection, maternal monitoring and high levels of discipline, compared to the patterns of mother-son relationship characteristics in native Dutch families.
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"One baby takes after mum and one takes after dad, in looks and personality," Lowing says with affection.
Type I showed the lowest rate of affection (34.1%).
To assess low positive parenting, the affection and discipline scales of the Nijmegen Rearing Questionnaire were used [ 50].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com