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None of the 13 sequenced genomes fall in the former category [16], so those that are not competent likely lost competence recently.
Under the model proposed by Redfield et al. [36], ancestral H. influenzae was naturally competent but its descendants frequently lost competence by mutation.
The animal caps gradually lost competence to respond to cardiac fate-inducing signal from anterior endoderm, so that by st. 13 very little cardiac tissue was induced (Fig. 3).
For example, a strain with multiple inactivating mutations in several competence genes is likely to have lost competence long before a strain with a single inactivating mutation in one competence gene.
Stimulation of ESCs with these factors at earlier or later times resulted in little Mixl1 induction, suggesting that the differentiating ESCs passed through 'temporal windows' in which they sequentially gained and lost competence to respond to each growth factor.
Have some modern species completely lost competence?
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It is a law of nature that under such circumstances, institutions degenerate and progressively lose competence.
Given the tendency to lose competence for prion replication upon repeated passaging [30], inocula were never administered to N2a-PK1 cells that had been subjected to more than 5 passages.
P3.p loses competence in the L2 stage in roughly half of animals and fuses with hyp7 (termed 'F' fate).
The conservation of most competence genes over the ~350 million year history of the family suggests that lineages that lose competence may be evolutionary dead ends.
Instruction directives contain information about what decisions should be made or how (e.g. about values, goals of therapy and preferences for care in a variety of clinical scenarios), whereas proxy directives indicate the individual(s) who will make decisions on behalf of the patient should the patient lose competence.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com