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Another argument against the normal descent/gene loss hypothesis, given the equivalent similarities between the AFPs of the closely related rainbow and Japanese smelts and the distantly related herring, and the greater divergence of the sea raven AFP, is that one would need to postulate starkly contrasting selection pressures on the different fishes at various times.
Henceforth, we designate the above scenario simply as the 'differential loss' hypothesis [ 8].
This result adds to the evidence supporting the intron loss hypothesis over horizontal gene transfer in Apocynaceae.
The closest relatives of genomes with no roo elements have small to modest element numbers, which supports the loss hypothesis.
Under the differential loss hypothesis, T. pseudonana and B. ranarum retain the ancestral state of diatom and fungal genomes, respectively.
Let us first examine the anomalous phyletic distribution of some eukaryotic class 4 HDACs in the light of the 'gene duplication-gene loss' hypothesis.
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Among many hypotheses, newly established host populations may benefit from a parasite loss ("enemy release" hypothesis) through impoverishment of their original parasite communities or reduced infection levels.
The results show no dichotomy of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes into RCI- and RCII-specific chlorophyll biosynthetic clades, thereby excluding models of fusion at the origin of cyanobacteria and supporting the selective-loss hypothesis.
However, the "losses" hypothesis is highly unlikely for two reasons.
Evaluation of the multiple-gains-and-losses hypothesis [ 3] is not so straightforward, however, in large part because we are unable to reject the hypothesis that the ancestor of the Agaricomycetidae was mycorrhizal.
This also brings to mind the famous "loss aversion" hypothesis of Nobel Prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
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