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By the time he began work as a financial-market "quant" in the 1980s, he had already become convinced that the academic mainstream was looking at probability the wrong way.
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Each of the case studies were designed to focus on consequences related to the specific main scenario and would look at probability where possible.
To evaluate the causal relevance of event c's being of type C for e's being E, we look at probabilities of the form P E | C & B), where B is a background context of the sort discussed in Sections 2.5 and 2.6 above.
To test these relationships more formally we looked at probabilities of coexpression after four days differentiation (Fig. 3D).
"What's important is looking at the probability of being attacked, and that's decreased dramatically".
Schivardi and Torrini (2008) and Borgarello et al. (2004) evaluate the effects of employment protection on the size distribution of Italian firms, by looking at the probability of firm size adjustments around the 15 employees threshold.
The dimensionality of the spoke placement parameter space being low, the RF pulse performance is computed for every location in k-space to study the robustness of the proposed approach with respect to initialization, by looking at the probability to converge towards a possible global minimum.
Nevertheless, as a significant fraction of students end up with a qualification, implying a positive (but not perfect) correlation between years of education and qualification (or wages, as in the classical human capital model), we expect our results to hold when looking at the probability to qualify in dual VET.
Concerning the reduced magnitude of the logit coefficient, a possible explanation could be the unobserved nature of PISA scores by employers: Mueller and Wolter (2014) indeed found that PISA scores were not significant when looking at the probability of entering a dual VET program.
However the similarities in the shape of the distributions suggest that, the model may show some skill when looking at the probability of negative events (exceedance of threshold).
When looking at the probability distribution over synthetic genetic interactions it is apparent that with 14 386 (95.8%) a vast majority of interactions have been assigned values of <0.5.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com