Following constraints are ensured: maximal deflection angles and rates for 1) pilot longitudinal pull-up 2) pilot bank angle order and 3) longitudinal turbulence.
When contracted, the prototroch longitudinal muscles pull the enrolling muscle through the other prototroch ring muscles so that these ring muscles come to lie ventrally to the enrolling muscle (compare Fig. 4e and f).
On the other hand, Ndel1 and Dyn2 have been linked to actin [14] [17], [34] [36], [38], [39] and Ndel1 can modulate actin organization and dynamics to provide the longitudinal tension necessary to pull apart membranes during fission [25].
With the tip acting as an anchor, the longitudinal muscles then contract, pulling the body down to the anchored foot.
In addition, the lateral suspension utilizes the suspender way, with longitudinal force transmitted via single pull rods.
Contraction of the circular muscles pulls out relaxed longitudinal muscles, and the body lengthens.
Fibers which are loaded in their longitudinal axis are cracked or pulled out.
Independent motion of adjacent connective tissue layers is particularly relevant in structures such as the thoracolumbar fascia in which the dense layers correspond to the aponeuroses of muscles with different directions of pull: in this case, longitudinal (for latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior and erector spinae) vs. transverse (for internal/external obliques and latissimus dorsi).
The entire body is then pulled forward by the longitudinal muscles and reanchored.
To be used as an intraoperative diagnostic tool, Smith et al. [76] recommend the radius-pull test to reveal longitudinal instability in forearms.
The microscopic fracture morphologies showed that the majority failure mode of fibers in the longitudinal and transverse directions were fiber pull-out and fiber splitting, respectively.
