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a Longitudinal bars strains at mid-span, b stirrup strains at mid-span, c longitudinal bars strains at quarter span, and d stirrup strains at quarter span.
Closed stirrups were provided to several specimens along with longitudinal bars at all corners.
The longitudinal bars were anchored to the columns with the tail extension of the hook.
For longitudinal bars of mild steel, a trilinear stress strain curve was used (Fig. 4d).
Longitudinal bars of the beam and the column are modelled using discrete truss element.
Material and section properties and the transverse and longitudinal bars were defined.
Tensile tests of the main longitudinal bars were also carried out.
The longitudinal bars considered include steel, FRP, or hybrid reinforcement consisting of steel and FRP bars.
Laboratory tests were carried out on concrete beams with longitudinal bars and without shear reinforcement.
As can be seen from Fig. 12b for MEM-1 1, MEM-1 1dinalongitudinale loaded half U-section got very large strains while strains of longitudinal bars in the unloaded half U-section were small.
The final failure was due to the crushing of concrete, followed by the yielding of the longitudinal bars.
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