Rear: central-arm axle with longitudinal control arm and double track control arm, anti-squat, anti-dive.
Existing range extension control systems on EVs mostly focus on longitudinal front and rear axle torque distribution or lower-level yaw moment allocation.
Suspension type: Both front and rear: rigid axles with longitudinal and transverse control arms.
(a) Longitudinal distribution of the unfactored axle loads used in 2D FE models.
Via the tumbler axle box structure, the longitudinal location and vertical load bearing of walking wheels are achieved.
Suspension type: Front: Struts with integral gas-charged shock absorbers, coil springs, asymmetrical lower control arms, link-type stabilizer bar; Rear: Rubber-isolated longitudinal single-leaf springs, tubular beam axle, track bar and load-leveling shock absorbers.
Knowledge of drive axle shaft torque improves the longitudinal dynamic performance of vehicles.
For low μ values, longitudinal forces are quite low, and consequently, axle deformations are quite negligible and affected by heavy errors.
Description: Continuous braking may lead under bad situations (acceleration, curve movement, bad combination of cars regarding their weight) due to additional longitudinal forces to a derailment of one axle.
In the reference frame as shown in Fig. 1, the three components of the measured contact force are indicated: the longitudinal force X, directed along the x-axle in the longitudinal direction of rail, the lateral force Y, directed along the y-axle, and the vertical force denoted by Q. Open image in new window Fig. 1 Wheel rail reference system.
