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Longevity clusters in families; Perls has documented as many as eight siblings in one generation who lived to 100.
Extreme longevity clusters in some families, and researchers have fiercely debated for decades whether it stems from purely environmental factors or is partly genetic.
Families in which longevity clusters form an exception in this sense, by showing beneficial or 'youthful' profiles for many metabolic and immune-related parameters (3– 7) and a low prevalence of common diseases from middle age onwards (5, 8, 9).
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Clustering of longevity and healthy aging is observed in families.
Studies of mono- and dizygous twins have revealed that the genetic contribution to the variation in human lifespan is about 25 30% 12, 13, and is most prominent in families clustered for longevity 14, 15.
Although positive regions of linkage and suggestive GWAS hits have been reported, the field has not yet identified the loci that explain the clustering of longevity in families and the variation in biological aging rate in the population.
Exceptional familial clusters of extreme longevity have also been reported (Perls et al. 2000).
We used Gene ontology (GO) (Ashburner et al., 2000) to test for enrichment of biological processes within each cluster and found that longevity in dietary restricted (DR) flies was associated with reduced metabolism (cluster 2), increased transport (cluster 11) and altered response to pathogens, albeit early in life (cluster 4).
Thus, as with most centenarians, and particularly those beyond the age of 103 years [ 12], LLFS members of families that cluster for exceptional longevity not only live longer but also have extended health-spans.
If a gene negatively controls longevity, deletion of that gene may result in clusters similar to clusters caused by SIR2-overexpression, fob1Δ or other longevity manipulations.
This would allow a genome wide analysis to identify mutations and pathways associated with longevity and their correlation with geographic clustering and migration histories of population groups as inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome phylogeny.
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