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There may have also been longer-term chronic health and mental health effects of extended shelter residence across the dependent population (Stair and Pottinger 2005; Hincks et al. 2006).
The results of this study suggest that periodic pulses of nitrogen into tidepools will have little effect on phytoplankton biomass when mussels are present and that longer-term chronic nitrogen influxes may be driving the patterns of community structure in tidepools occurring on roosts.
In addition, two B. cenocepacia isolates (AU1482 and AU1107) of the same strain type as the most virulent strain (HI2424, strain PHDC) but isolated from a longer-term, chronic infection were avirulent, which suggests that nematode pathogenicity may be lost during chronic infection or simply that these relatively avirulent strains could be more prone to cause long-term chronic infection.
It is important to note, however, that these observations correspond to a fixed time point following the start of HF diet (i.e., 4 weeks), and that development of hepatic inflammation may proceed along a time course, with a more acute short-term phase followed by a longer-term chronic phase in which inflammation is partly attenuated [21], [22].
Longer-term, chronic therapy designed to alter the immune response may carry untoward effects that outweigh the benefits of therapy.
Although FS is not a longer-term chronic condition such as multiple sclerosis or arthritis, it was clear that the participants in our study travelled along a similar trajectory to patients with such conditions.
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Receptor desensitization happens on a scale of minutes, while AC superactivation is the result of much longer term chronic receptor activation.
Treatment efficacy in longer term chronic infections, however, remains controversial, 16 17 as are the criteria (conventional serology and direct methods to evaluate parasitaemia) currently used to assess drug efficacy.
Consequently, the current ERA guideline reflects that patient use and excretion result in a widespread continuous emission of low levels of pharmaceuticals to the environment, and as such longer term chronic studies with sublethal endpoints were required to indicate the potential for population level effects.
With longer-term or chronic low back pain (CLBP), psychological factors often play a role, but in cross-disciplinary treatment, individual psychological intervention is rarely included.
Acute or short-term symptoms of neurotoxicity such as drowsiness, dizziness, and headaches are well established (in fact, TCE was once used as an anesthetic), with a number of studies reporting similar effects with longer-term or chronic exposure (Boyes et al. 2000).
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