Although asthma is classically defined as reversible airflow obstruction, in the long-term airflow obstruction may become increasingly difficult to reverse despite optimal pharmacological therapy.
We present our 4-year experience with the thermo-expandable shape memory alloy Memokath 051 stent (Engineers and Doctors of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark) for managing long-term ureteral obstruction.
In humans, lymph-venous anastomoses can form with long-term lymphatic obstruction [ 19, 20].
In the United States indacaterol 75 μg has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a long-term maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in moderate to severe COPD, while indacaterol 150 μg and 300 μg were approved in 2010 by the European Medicines Agency.
Many of elderly asthma patients have been long-term smokers and developed irreversible airway obstruction [ 13].
Endoscopic vidian neurectomy was found to significantly improve symptoms of rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction with no long-term adverse sequelae.
Additional complexity arises when the consequences of mucus obstruction are considered in the context of normal lung development and aging, i.e., mucus obstruction early in life (CF, PCD) may generate long-term effects that would not occur if the obstruction occurs later (CB, COPD).
Multi-factor Cox regression analysis showed that long-term bed rest, history of obstructive diseases and MA ≥ 63.5 were significantly independent predictors of obstruction, while long-term bed rest, R ≥ 7.8 and MA ≤ 50.5 were significant predictors of hemorrhage.
Our data suggest that stenting of benign iliofemoral venous obstruction has a good long-term clinical outcome with excellent stent patency.
26 investigated 29 patients using IORT with a median dose of 12 15 Gy and showed that 11 patients (38%) developed long-term morbidity including long-term wound complication, ureter obstruction, and fistulae.
