Washington, D.C.--Shoddy working conditions, poor mentoring, and "embarrassingly inadequate" compensation for Ph.D. scientists are unfortunate but long-standing traits of the postdoctoral workforce, the National Academy of Sciences reported earlier this week.
The STAI captures both transient anxiety (state anxiety) and more long-standing anxiety (trait anxiety) [ 24].
Notably, we did not find that significant adverse life events accounted for associations between affective symptoms and self-reported memory problems, possibly suggesting that this association reflects a long-standing common trait.
Realising that I wanted to transition made sense of so many long-standing personal traits, notably my inability to find clothes that I liked, but above all my hatred of my voice.
In this study the focus was on the more general and long-standing quality of trait anxiety (STAI-trait), which is very common characteristic in patients with chronic pain [32, 35].
The STAI [ 30] is used to differentiate between temporary condition of "state anxiety" and the more general and long-standing quality of "trait anxiety".
The STAI and the STAI-C are self-report instruments that measure and distinguish between both the temporary condition of state anxiety and the long-standing quality of trait anxiety.
To further investigate the relation with anxiety, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), an instrument for measuring anxiety differentiating between the temporary condition of State Anxiety and the more general and long-standing quality of Trait Anxiety [ 26], was also completed by the subjects.
However, the method used resembles clinical practice, where it is often not clear at the beginning of treatment, what personality disorders a patient has, yet clinicians make observations and judgments about patients' long-standing problems and traits [ 7].
In this respect, two long-standing hypotheses stand out.
