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I follow long-standing classifications that recognize between about 130 and 145 extant bovid species [ 15- 18], rather than a recent treatment proposing 279 species [ 19].
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In fact, these morphotypes reflect the morpho-anatomical differences first identified by Tullberg [7] for establishing his long-standing classification based on the orientation of the angular process.
Recently, Gillespie et al. [28] proposed a revision to the long-standing classification of Rickettsia by erecting the transitional group (TRG) as a distinct lineage that shares immediate ancestry with the members of the spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae.
The sequence data available in genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic databases can resolve the long-standing question of the classification and evolution of the cystatin superfamily.
In this respect, two long-standing hypotheses stand out.
Synovial fluid and peripheral blood were obtained from patients with long-standing RA fulfilling 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria.
Twenty female patients (median age 58.5 years) with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis according to the classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology 1987 were included.
However, their phylogeny and taxonomic classification had been a long-standing challenge until Carl Woese and coworkers suggested using the small subunit (SSU or 16S) rRNA sequences as molecular markers in the late 1970s [2].
In HSE, participants were asked to name any long-standing illness: respiratory diseases were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes J00-J99.
The package eliminates other loopholes, among them long-standing exemptions from taxes on rental income and the partial classification of many salaries as "training funds" rather than taxable earnings.
There are increasing examples where pathogenicity classifications from a reputable source (e.g. clinical laboratory with long-standing expertise in the disease area) have been shared into databases, yet the evidence that formed the basis for classification was not provided and may not be easily obtainable.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com