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Fig. 8 a A long-term velocity change and vertical deformation at the LVC.

Furthermore, another constraint focusing on long-term velocity discontinuity across faults has been introduced (Johnson and Fukuda 2010).

However, there seems to be a long-term velocity perturbation that might be superimposed on the velocity recovery.

To further explore long-term velocity fluctuations, we computed dv/v for stack of 30 days for individual frequency bands (red lines in Fig. 4).

Our monitoring system also reveals a long-term velocity variation that is mostly correlated with hydrological-induced vertical deformation over time.

Additionally, the uncertainties in the majority of dv/v measurements on a 5-day stack exceed 0.1%%, which could introduce bias into the estimate of the long-term velocity change.

It should be noted, however, that the seismic velocity was not correlated with vertical deformation in January–June in 2013, which indicates that there might be other underlying process of the long-term velocity variation.

We thus only explore the underlying mechanism of the long-term velocity variation in the 0.3- to 0.7-Hz band in which a recurrent reduction of velocity was observed during the winter season (Figs. 4b, 5b).

Based on the surface-wave sensitivity kernel (Fig. 6a), our observation suggests that the long-term velocity change occurred in a depth of 2 4 km range rather than in the near-surface layer.

Thus, albeit pending the results of long term studies, elevated tricuspid regurgitation velocity may be an early marker of disease that identifies a subset of sickle cell disease patients at risk for developing pulmonary hypertension later in life and that could be used to discover the early underlying mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension.

We first extract the long-term average velocity at each GPS site and then estimate the surface strain rate by using the least squares collocation technique (El-Fiky et al., 1997; Kato et al., 1998) in which Gaussian spatial smoothing with a correlation distance of 100 km was applied for noise reduction (Shimazaki and Zhao, 2000).