The Palermo 2002 earthquake occurred 2 months after the RTL parameter restored its long-term background level.
The authors of the new Nature paper propose that to avoid collapse, the extinction rate cannot rise above 10 times the long-term background rate.
Estimates of long-term, background sediment generation rates place current and future sediment fluxes to the Great Barrier Reef in context.
Wild species vanish wholesale at the local scale and are being driven to extinction globally at rates estimated at 100 to 1,000 times faster than the long-term "background" rate.
A network of three tall tower measurement stations was set up in 2012 across the United Kingdom to expand measurements made at the long-term background northern hemispheric site, Mace Head, Ireland.
Often seen against the long-term background of modern German history since the era of Bismarck's unification of the country in the 19th century, the Third Reich is now increasingly also viewed in a broader international, even global context, as part of the age of imperialism, its drive for domination building on a broader tradition of the German quest for empire.
The RTL algorithm is based on the analysis of the RTL prognostic parameter, which is designed in such a way that it has a negative value if, in comparison with long-term background, there is a deficiency of events in the time space vicinity of the tested point.
To overcome this problem, the long-term background model could be updated selectively.
The long-term background seismicity corresponding to these events was obtained by the declustering method from Ide (2013).
Therefore, they used two background models with different learning rates, a short-term and a long-term background model.
