The shocks of 2001 now risk worsening this long-standing marginalisation.
"In practice," says Mark Lattimer, executive director of Minority Rights Group International, a non-governmental organisation, "the Tuareg have suffered not just long-term marginalisation in Mali but also have been the target of gross human-rights violations by the Malian army".In past conflicts the Tuareg were usually outclassed by the inefficient, but heftier Malian army.
Mr al-Nimr was a vocal supporter of the mass anti-government protests that flared up in the kingdom's oil-rich Eastern Province in 2011, where a Shia majority have long complained of marginalisation.
A vocal supporter of the mass anti-government protests that flared up in the kingdoms oil-rich eastern region in 2011 – where a Shia majority have long complained of marginalisation – Sheikh Nimr was willing to publicly criticise the ruling al-Saud family and call for elections.
The oil-rich Eastern Province is home to a Shia majority that has long complained of marginalisation at the hands of the Sunni ruling family.
The oil-rich Eastern Province is home to a Shia majority that has long complained of marginalisation at the hands of the Sunni ruling family, the Al Saud.
For the rural Quechua of Peru who, according to UN Refugee Agency UNHCRR) figures, account for one-third of the country's 29.5 million population, cultural marginalisation has long been a part of their history.
These site-specific works, a major focus of the Biennial, take advantage of the underbelly of the city's history, namely the solares, or urban scars, left by Franco's bombs during the Republicans' last stand, as well as buildings that simply decayed during the long years of political marginalisation.
Yet in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the impact of devastating floods combined with poverty, endemic corruption and long-standing perceptions of marginalisation by Delhi have all created such tensions that failure by local or central government to respond adequately could pose a very real risk of violence or political instability.
Darfur no longer commands the headlines it used to, especially in 2004 when ethnic African tribes – the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa – formed a broad alliance against Khartoum because of long-held grievances, including marginalisation and human rights abuses by Arab supremacist groups.
