First, it highlights that human Tregs are probably not a special subset of self-specific T cells that are restricted to regulate auto-immunity, and thus, that Tregs should be viewed as "counter-response" T cells that only emerge upon long lasting immune responses.
Hence, long lasting CTL responses will inevitably lead to a "drag along" Treg response.
In these indications, IL2 induces long lasting objective responses in 5% to 20% of patients.
The results obtained evidenced that the intranasal immunogenicity of both HBcAg variants was similar and high, developing early and long lasting IgG responses.
Designing antigens that target neutralizing antibody epitopes of anthrax protective antigen, a component of anthrax toxin, may offer a solution for achieving a vaccine that can induce strong and long lasting antibody responses with fewer boosters.
In particular, new nanoparticle-based adjuvants are promising for sub-unit vaccines in order to elicit potent and long lasting immune responses with a better control on their safety.
Galectin-3 null mice are viable under normal conditions [24], [31] and long lasting inflammatory responses, like Chagas' Disease and Schistosomiasis [21], [22].
Long lasting durable responses were reported for patients treated with I-tositumomab either upfront (Press et al, 2003; Kaminski et al, 2005; Leonard et al, 2005) or at recurrence after chemotherapy (Kaminski et al, 2000, 2001; Vose et al, 2000; Davies et al, 2004; Horning et al, 2005).
The major challenge confronting dengue vaccine development is the need to induce balanced, long lasting tetravalent immune responses against four co-circulating virus serotypes (DENV-I, -II, -III, -IV), because primary infection by any one of which may predispose infected individuals to more severe diseases during a heterotypic secondary infection.
The complexity of both the parasites life-cycle and host immune responses to infection have contributed to the slow progress in the development of a vaccine that can induce efficient and long lasting protective immune responses [6].
