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All species were characterised according to their growth form (Gf: : low shrub (<1 m), mid shrub (≥1 m but <2 m), tall shrub (≥2 m), graminoid, herb (excludes annuals), geophyte (apparent throughout the year)), regeneration mode (Reg: non-sprouter, sprouter) and dispersal distance (short distance (passive and ant), long distance (wind and bird)).
To date, a complete phylogeny of this species is still lacking, but introductions of new strains occur worldwide and can be attributed to both long distance wind dispersal and accidental human contamination.
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As no geographic barriers prevent migration and because PST has long-distance wind dispersal (1500 km: Brown and Hovmøller 2002), the north/south genetic structure may be explained by selection.
Previous studies investigating long-distance, wind-borne dispersal of Culicoides have utilised outbreaks of clinical disease (passive surveillance) to assess the relationship between incursion and dispersal event.
This is in keeping with wind trajectory modelling for E. flavipes (Anderson et al. 2010), suggesting that long-distance, wind-assisted dispersal from PNG, rather than interisland movement, is primarily responsible for E. flavipes immigration into the TS/NPA.
On the basis of previous simulation modelling (Anderson et al. 2010), we hypothesize that E. flavipes' primary method of transport into the TS/NPA is long-distance, wind-assisted dispersal from PNG.
Several studies have indicated that long-distance, wind-mediated transport of Culicoides might have played a role in the introduction and spread of several BTV strains in Europe [ 25– 27].
Cascading failure is a potential threat in power systems with the scale development of wind power, especially for the large-scale grid-connected and long distance transmission wind power base in China.
Voltage source converter (VSC) high voltage DC (HVDC) connection has become a new trend for long distance offshore wind power transmission.
It is about 3.2 mm in diameter, non-dormant, has a high level of germinability (when fresh) and can be dispersed relatively long distance by wind.
Different from the distributed utilization of wind power in North America and Europe, large-scale grid-connected and long distance transmission of wind power, also known as wind power base (WPB), is inevitable in China due to the uneven distribution of wind resources and load centers.
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